集水区尺度下东北东部森林土壤呼吸的模拟

IBIS模型是陆地碳循环模拟的有利工具,土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环的关键生态学过程,利用IBIS模型模拟估算土壤呼吸对陆地碳循环和全球变化研究具有重要意义.在地形数据、植被参数、土壤质地参数和气象数据支持下,利用改造后的IBIS模型模拟2004年张家沟集水区5种森林类型的土壤呼吸,以实测数据对模拟结果进行验证,并分析土壤呼吸时空格局及其与土壤温湿度的关系.结果表明:(1)改造后的IBIS模型模拟的土壤呼吸值与实测值相关性显著,可较好地用于集水区尺度的森林土壤呼吸模拟估算.(2)土壤呼吸年均值为571 gCm-2 a-1,年土壤呼吸空间格局与生长季土壤呼吸空间格局相似,均表现为高值区主要分布在北部、西南和东南区域,低值区主要分布在沟谷附近,该格局与集水区的地形、植被及其组合等因素有关.(3)生长季内,5种森林类型土壤呼吸的季节性变化均呈单峰曲线形式,土壤呼吸峰值均出现在7月,其中落叶松林峰值最低,为85.5gC/m2,杂木林峰值最高,为146.3 gC/m2.(4)5种森林类型的土壤呼吸值与5 cm深土壤温度存在极显著的指数关系,与土壤湿度的相关性较低,土壤温度的变化可以解释土壤呼吸约70％的季节变化.     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林不同演替阶段土壤活性有机碳含量及季节动态

为探明不同演替阶段土壤碳吸存潜力,选取演替时间为15a(演替初期)、47a(演替中期)、110a(演替后期)3个中亚热带常绿阔叶林,分析了各演替阶段的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量以及土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性碳(DOC)和微生物熵(SMQ)的季节变化。结果表明:演替中、后期不同土层的土壤SOC、MBC、DOC含量和SMQ均显著高于演替初期(P<0.05);与演替中期相比,演替后期土壤MBC、DOC含量有所降低,SOC含量和SMQ无显著差异。土壤SOC、MBC和DOC含量随土层加深而显著性降低(演替初、中期DOC除外),并随演替进行逐渐向腐殖质层富集。不同演替阶段MBC、DOC和SMQ均有显著季节变化,最低值出现在秋季,最高值随演替进程由冬季逐步转向夏季。相关分析表明,不同演替阶段土壤活性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳含量极显著相关(P<0.01),且土壤活性有机碳(MBC、DOC)和SMQ对土壤碳库变化更为敏感。     

喀斯特季节性雨林蚬木种群的增长模型

蚬木是喀斯特季节性雨林的优势种和特征种,研究蚬木种群的增长过程将为深入理解喀斯特季节性雨林动态提供基础。根据一个15hm2固定样地的调查数据,采用logistic模型及其4种改进模型对蚬木种群的增长过程进行了拟合,用残差平方和、决定系数和AIC准则对拟合的模型进行评价。结果表明:李新运模型和刘金福模型的拟合效果较好,但综合考虑模型的拟合效果和模型的简洁性,logistic模型和S形增长过程模型为较优模型。用logistic模型对蚬木种群的增长过程进行深入分析发现,种群增长最快的时期为50a左右,而在150a后,种群逐渐进入增长饱和期。种群目前接近增长饱和期,所以应加强保护,以维持蚬木群落的稳定发展。     

神府东胜煤田弃土弃渣体径流产沙过程的野外试验

采用野外模拟降雨试验方法,研究了神府东胜煤田开采造成的弃土弃渣体产流产沙规律及其减水减沙效益.结果表明： 随降雨强度的增大,弃土弃渣体产流的起始时间呈递减趋势,且差异达几倍至十几倍.弃渣体比弃土体更快到达稳定流速,平均流速大小为弃土体>沙多石少弃渣体>沙少石多弃渣体.弃土弃渣体产流6 min后的径流率达到稳定,与降雨强度呈显著相关.弃土弃渣体侵蚀主要发生在产流开始后的前6 min,弃土体产流后前6 min的平均含沙量是6 min后的0.43～4.27倍,弃渣体为1.43～54.93倍.弃土体和沙多石少弃渣体径流量与降雨强度呈线性函数关系,沙少石多弃渣体呈幂函数关系.弃土体和沙少石多弃渣体的次侵蚀量与降雨强度之间分别呈指数函数和幂函数相关.弃土体侵蚀量与径流量呈线性函数关系.在降雨强度为1.0和1.5 mm·min^-1条件下,弃渣体采用鱼鳞坑及植被防护的产流滞后降雨时间为24 min,减水效益为29.5%～52.9%,减沙效益为85.7%～97.9%.     

浙西北丘陵地区次生林与杉木林土壤水溶性有机碳季节动态

为了解浙江省西北部丘陵地区森林土壤水溶性有机碳含量及动态规律,以达到成熟林状态的次生林和杉木林为对象,分别对其春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的0 ～ 10、10 ～ 20 cm土层水溶性有机碳含量进行了研究.结果表明:1)0 ～10和10 ～ 20 cm土层,次生林与杉木林水溶性有机碳含量没有显著差异;2)次生林和杉木林土壤水溶性有机碳含量季节动态基本一致,均表现为冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季;3)0 ～10和10 ～ 20 cm土层次生林与杉木林水溶性有机碳含量与土壤温度、降水量均呈显著负相关,与土壤湿度相关性不显著,与凋落物量呈正相关,且在0 ～10 cm土层显著.     

华西雨屏区香樟人工林土壤表层细根生物量和碳储量

2010年11月-2011年12月, 研究了华西雨屏区31年生香樟人工林土壤表层(0～30 cm)细根生物量及碳储量.结果表明: 香樟人工林土壤0～30 cm层细根总生物量(活根+死根)和碳储量的平均值分别为1592.29 kg·hm^-2和660.68 kg C·hm^-2,其中活细根贡献率分别为91.1%和91.8%.随着土壤深度的增加,香樟1～5级活细根和死细根的生物量及碳储量均显著减少;随着根序等级的升高,香樟活细根生物量及碳储量显著增加.香樟细根总生物量及碳储量均在秋季最高、冬季最低,死细根生物量及碳储量为冬季最高、夏季最低;1级根和2级根生物量及碳储量均在夏季最高、冬季最低,而3~5级根则为秋季最高、冬季最低.土壤养分和水分的空间异质性是导致细根生物量和碳储量变化的主要原因.     

Occurrence and impact of Agrilus spp. and associated egg parasitoids in hazel groves of Northwest Italy

In several hazel (Corylus avellana L.) groves in the area of Langhe (Piedmont, Northwest Italy), many hazel branches suddenly withered, and in some cases, the whole tree died, with heavy economic losses for the farmers. Symptoms of jewel beetle attacks were detected on the trees. Eight Agrilus species were caught by traps from 2007 to 2009 in the surveyed hazel groves; among them, only four species have been known to develop on hazel. On the traps, Agrilus olivicolor Kiesenwetter was the most abundant species, while almost only Agrilus viridis (L.) was sampled by plant beating from 2008 to 2010. Moreover, almost all adults emerged from field‐collected hazel wood belonged to this latter species that proved to be the main responsible for the severe attacks on the hazel trees. Agrilus viridis adults emerged from late May to late June, and generally lived until the end of August, while egg masses were observed from late May to late July. The egg parasitoid Oobius zahaikevitshi Trjapitzin was found in all of the investigated groves; adults emerged already from the first egg masses collected on hazel trees in late May‐early June. O. zahaikevitshi was able to largely reduce A. viridis populations, with a parasitism rate of more than 50% in some groves. Recent attacks of A. viridis were related to a long period of drought; however, appropriate agronomic practices to minimize the effects of water stress and to conserve natural enemies, such as O. zahaikevitshi, could be more effective to protect hazel groves against boring beetle attacks.     

Quantitative and qualitative numerical alterations in splenocyte subpopulations of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) across seasons

Abstract

Previous research in our laboratory has documented seasonal alterations in humoral and cell‐mediated immunity in cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) populations. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that these seasonal differences in immune function were attributable in part to qualitative and quantitative numerical changes in specific splenocyte subpopulations. Lymphocytes were harvested from spleens of 139 cotton rats collected from a tallgrass prairie in central Oklahoma from December 1991 to September 1992. Unique splenocyte subpopulations were identified using fluorescein conjugated cell surface markers (concanavalin‐A, peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, Helix pomatia agglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and rabbit‐anti‐rat immunoglobulin‐G). All subpopulations examined were more abundant in fall and winter than spring and summer. Several plausible explanations for seasonal variation in abundance of splenocyte subpopulations are discussed.     

Eucalypts face increasing climate stress

Global climate change is already impacting species and ecosystems across the planet. Trees, although long‐lived, are sensitive to changes in climate, including climate extremes. Shifts in tree species' distributions will influence biodiversity and ecosystem function at scales ranging from local to landscape; dry and hot regions will be especially vulnerable. The Australian continent has been especially susceptible to climate change with extreme heat waves, droughts, and flooding in recent years, and this climate trajectory is expected to continue. We sought to understand how climate change may impact Australian ecosystems by modeling distributional changes in eucalypt species, which dominate or codominate most forested ecosystems across Australia. We modeled a representative sample of Eucalyptus and Corymbia species (n = 108, or 14% of all species) using newly available Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios developed for the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC, and bioclimatic and substrate predictor variables. We compared current, 2025, 2055, and 2085 distributions. Overall, Eucalyptus and Corymbia species in the central desert and open woodland regions will be the most affected, losing 20% of their climate space under the mid‐range climate scenario and twice that under the extreme scenario. The least affected species, in eastern Australia, are likely to lose 10% of their climate space under the mid‐range climate scenario and twice that under the extreme scenario. Range shifts will be lateral as well as polewards, and these east–west transitions will be more significant, reflecting the strong influence of precipitation rather than temperature changes in subtropical and midlatitudes. These net losses, and the direction of shifts and contractions in range, suggest that many species in the eastern and southern seaboards will be pushed toward the continental limit and that large tracts of currently treed landscapes, especially in the continental interior, will change dramatically in terms of species composition and ecosystem structure.